Accelerators |
- Accelerate setting and early strength development
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- Calcium chloride, triethanolamine, sodium thiocyanate, calcium formate, calcium nitrite, calcium nitrate
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Air detrainers |
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- Tributyl phosphate, dibutyl phthalate, octyl alcohol, water-insoluble esters of carbonic and boic acid, silicones
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Air-entraining |
- Improve durability in environments of freeze-thaw, deicers, sulfate and alkali reactivity
- Improve workability
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- Salts of wood resins, lignin, petroleum acids, proteinaceous material or sulfonated hydrocarbons
- Some synthetic detergents
- Fatty and resinous acids and their salts
- Alyklbenzene sulfonates
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Alkali-reactivity reducers |
- Reduce alkali-reactivity expansion
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- Pozzolans, blast-furnace slag, salts of lithium and barium, air-entraining agents
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Bonding |
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- Rubber, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, acrylics, butadienestyrene copolymers
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Corrosion inhibitors |
- Reduce steel corrosion activity in a chloride environment
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- Calcium nitrite, sodium nitrite, sodium benzoate, certain phosphates or flurosilicates, fluroaluminates
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Damp proofing |
- Retard moisture penetration into dry PCC
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- Soaps of calcium or ammonium stearate or oleate
- Butyl stearate
- Petroleum products
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Cementitious Minerals |
- Hydraulic properties
- Partial cement replacement
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- Ground granulated blast-furnace slag
- Natural cement
- Hydraulic hydrated lime
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Natural pozzolans |
- Pozzolonic activity
- Improve workability, plasticity, sulfate resistance
- Reduce alkali reactivity, permeability, heat of hydration
- Partial cement replacement
- Filler
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- Diatomaceous earth, opaline cherts, clays, shales, volcanic tuffs, pumicites
- Fly ash (classes C and F)
- Silica fume
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Inert minerals |
- Improve workabilityFiller
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- Marble, dolomite, quartz, granite
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Permeability reducers |
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- Silica fume, fly ash, ground slag, natural pozzolans, water reducers, latex
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Pumping aids |
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- Organic and synthetic polymers
- Organic flocculents
- Organic emulsions of paraffin, coal tar, asphalt, acrylics
- Bentonite and pyrogenic silicas
- Natural pozzolans
- Fly ash
- Hydrated lime
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Retarders |
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- Lignin, borax, sugars, tartaric acid and salts
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Superplasticizers (high-range water reducers) |
- Reduce water-cement ratio by a minimum of 12%
- Increase workability at low water-cement ratios
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- Sulfonated melamine formaldehyde condensates
- Sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensates
- Lignosulfonates
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Water reducer |
- Reduce water demand by a minimum of 5%
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- Lignosulfonates
- Hydroxylated carboxylic acids
- Carbohydrates
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Workability agents |
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- Air-entraining admixtures
- Cementitious materials, natural pozzolans and inert minerals (except silica fume)
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